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Citizens’ rights cited
THE BATTALION Page
WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 1976
Grand jury subject of questions
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a.m. 5:00 p.m.
u.m. 2:50 p.m.
a.m. 6:30 p.m.
a.m. 2:40 p.m.
a.m. 7:20 a.m.
•6-1774
Associated Press
WASHINGTON — Take 23 ordi
nary citizens, give them extraordi
nary powers and call them a grand
jury. Put them under the direction of
a prosecutor determined to convict
criminals, and shroud the whole op
eration in secrecy.
To Jill Raymond and others like
her, that’s the formula for an out
rageous abuse of the innocent, an
equation that allows the government
to trample on the rights of its citi
zens.
But to Richard Thornburgh, a fed
eral prosecutor, and others who
think as he does, the grand jury sys
tem is a fair and effective way of
breaking down the criminal con
spiracies that conceal fraud, corrup
tion, murder and all manner of Mafia
evils.
Ms. Raymond, an activist in the
women’s movement, is among 50
people who have gone to jail since
1970 for refusing to answer a federal
grand jury’s question. Dozens of
others have been threatened with
jail for not wanting to answer. Their
experiences have fueled a debate
over reform of the grand jury sys
tem, and now Congress is giving se
rious consideration to the issue.
The reform movement involves
only the 94 federal grand juries.
There are state juries, too, hut they
perate under different regulations,
ome of them less stringent than the
ederal system. A few states, how-
ver, are experimenting with vari-
us ways to diminish the duties of
ocal grand juries. Some, for exam
ple, allow certain criminal charges to
be filed before magistrates, rather
than being brought before grand
juries.
Critics of the federal system point
to the case of Ms. Raymond, in her
early 20s, who never committed a
crime, but was imprisoned in
March, 1975, and stayed in jail for
nearly 14 months. She had refused to
testify before a grand jury investigat
ing the whereabouts of two anti-
Vietnam war activists Katherine Ann
Power and Susan Saxe, both fugi
tives wanted on bank robbery
charges. Ms. Saxe later was arrested.
And there’s the case of Joanna Le
Deaux, who was jailed in October,
1975, for eight months of her preg
nancy lifter refusing to testify before
a grand jury investigating the mur
der of two FBI agents on the Pine
Ridge Indian Reservation in South
Dakfttar She was released only after
giving birth to a son jn prison.
There was no trial for these two
women, no chance to tell their side
of the story, no opportunity to allow
an impartial jury to decide whether
they should be jailed or should go
free. They were simply brought be
fore a judge who declared them in
contempt of court and ordered them
to prison.
Is this fair?
“Absolutely,” replies Thorn
burgh, who is assistant attorney gen
eral in charge of the Justice Depart
ment’s criminal division.
“There has to he some sanction for
flouting a court order,’’ he said in an
interview. “If a judge makes an or
der, there has to he some sanction
for violating it or the whole system
falls apart. The courts have long held
that they have a right to every man’s
evidence. That is firmly established
in the law.”
Thornburgh argues that various
reform proposals pending before
House and Senate Judiciary sub
committees would strip grand juries
of their effectiveness. Atty. Gen.
Edward H. Levi attacked all of the
major proposals in testimony before
a House subcommittee last June.
But the Coalition to End Grand
Jury Abuse has marshaled the sup
port of a score of civil rights and civil
liberties organizations to push for
procedural changes in the federal
grand jury system.
In general, the reform bills intro
duced in both houses of Congress
would give grand jury witnesses
many of the rights already provided
for defendants in criminal trials and
would limit the government’s power
to compel grand jury testimony.
The grand jury system goes back
to 1166 when England’s King Henry
II ordered periodic gatherings of a
group ctf citizens from each village
who swore to tell what they knew of
crimes in the vicinity.
The institution survived through
the centuries and crossed the Atlan
tic with the early settlers. When the
Founding Fathers wrote the Bill of
Rights, they required in the Fifth
Amendment that “no person shall be
held to answer for a capital, or
otherwise infamous, crime except on
presentment or indictment of a
grand jury.”
The same amendment provided
that “no person . . . shall be com
pelled in any criminal case to be a
witness against himself.”
As the federal system presently
works, prosecutors must take all
felony cases before a grand jury that
reviews the evidence, questions
HOUND
driving to us*
AGGIE ELEPHANTS
MINIATURE ANIMALS
ANTIQUE PRINTERS
TYPESET DRAWERS
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604 E. 24th St.
BRYAN,TX.
10-5:30 DEC. 6-DEC. 21
witnesses and decides whether or
not to return an indictment. If the
grand jury indicts, the case proceeds
to trial. If there is no indictment, the
case ends.
Witnesses called before the grand
jury may refuse to testify on the
ground that their answers might
tend to incriminate them — the
Fifth Amendment. But Congress,
with the approval of the Supreme
Court, developed a way to circum
vent the Fifth Amendment.
Upon request from a prosecutor, a
federal judge may grant a witness
immunity from criminal charges for
any testimony he might give the
grand jury. The witness then is com
pelled to testify, whether he wants
the immunity or not. If he continues
to refuse, the court may find him in
contempt and order him imprisoned
for the life of the grand jury.
That’s a maximum of 18 months.
Grand jury critics argue that the
system could force recalcitrant wit
nesses behind bars for their entire
lives. When they’re released after
the 18-month term of one grand
jury, they could be summoned be
fore a new grand jury and again jailed
for 18 months for refusing to testify.
The cycle could be repeated again
and again.
In fact, that hasn’t happened. Sam
Pizzigati, spokesman for the Coali
tion to End Grand Jury Abuse, says
that Ms. Raymond’s 14-month im
prisonment is the record.
Names in the news
Sarah Churchill
sued in Chicago
Actress Sarah Churchill,
daughter of Sir Winston Chur
chill, has been accused by a
Chicago publishing firm of
breach of contract by keeping a
$15,000 advance for an autobiog
raphy that remains unwritten.
The suit, filed yesterday in
L T .S. District Court in Chicago on
behalf of Henry Regnery Co.,
said Miss Churchill was to have
written the book with author
Charles Hamblett, who died two
weeks after the contract was
signed in March 1975.
Prince is married
Sweden’s Prince Bertil, 64,
married Mrs. Lillian Craig, 60,
his Welsh sweetheart of 33 years,
in a royal ceremony.
BertiTs father, the late King
Gustav VI Adolf, had opposed
the marriage after Bertil became
next in line to the throne when
his elder brother was killed in a
plane crash.
He would have lost his royal
title had he defied the king’s
wishes. The new king, 30-year-
old Carl XVI Gustav, Berti
nephew, approved the mania;
this year and was among the 2(
wedding guests yesterday.
Snyder to leave
Tom Snyder, host of NBC
TV’s “Tomorrow Show,” is leav
ing as co-anchorman of the loca;
affiliate’s evening news show to
do prime-time network docu
mentaries, a network spokesmai ’
said.
Snyder wil continue doing the
“Tomorrow Show” from New
York.
BONUS SPECIAL — FOR AGGIES ONLY!
clearance
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PRICES EVER.. . TO THANK THEM FOR THEIR SUPPORT
WHICH HAS MADE SOUND CENTER ONE OF THE MOST
RESPECTED LEADERS IN AUDIO EQUIPMENT IN TEXAS!
BONUS GRADUATION GIFT
SYSTEM AND COMPONENT DISCOUNTS
TO GRADUATING AGGIES IN
ADDITION TO CLEARANCE
SPECIALS BELOW.
Walter Emanuel, Class of ’60
Owner of Sound Center
RECEIVERS
^ KENWOOD
KR-5600 RECEIVER
40 watts per channel with no more than 0.5% total
harmonic distortion.
Reg. $359.95
SALE $299.95
RECEIVE A PAIR OF KOSS
HEADPHONES WITH THE PURCHASE OF A KR-5600
KR-2600 15 watts per channel @ 0.8% THD .
KR-3600 22 watts per channel @ 0.4% THD.
KR-6600 60 watts per channel @ 0.3% THD .
KR-7600 80 watts per channel @ 0.3% THD
3 (in s ni
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331 .12 watts per channel @ 1.0% THD.
551 16 watts per channel @ 0.8% THD
5050 30 watts per channel @ 0.4% THD
6060 40 watts per channel @ 0.4% THD
7070 . 60 watts per channel @0.3% THD
8080 80wattsperchannel@0.2%THD
9090 110 wattsper channel @0.2% THD
6001 4 Channel Receiver
QRX-3500 4 Channel Receiver (1 only) ....
REG.
$189.95.
$249.95.
$449.95.
. $529.95
.$199.95.
. $259.95
.$319.95
.$419.95
.$519.95
. $649.95
. $749.95
$699.95 .
$550.00 .
SALE
$159.95
$209.95
$389.95
$459.95
$155.00
$179.00
$255.00
$318.00
$417.00
$519.00
$589.00
$582.00
$399.00
Technics
by Panasonic
5160 25 watts per channel @0.5% THD. . .$229.95. . .$197.00
5360 38 watts per channel @ 0.3% THD. . . $299.95. . . $249.00
5460 65watts per channel @0.1% THD. . .$399.95. . $340.00
5560 85wattsperchannel@0.1%THD. . .$499.95. . .$399.00
TURNTABLES
Technics
by Panasonic
TAPE DECKS
KENWOOD
KX-BIO
STEREO CASSETTE DECK WITH DOLBY
Reg. $299.95
SALE $239.95
(2 only)
Technics
by Panasonic
CASSETTE DECKS REG. SALE
630 $249.95 $219.00
263 $199.95 $175.00
2002 $299.95 .... $212.00
3003 $369.95 .... $252.00
DOKORDER
REEL-TO-REEL REG.
7100 $450.00
7140 (4-Ch.) $680.00
1120 $650.00
CASSETTE DECK
nn
REG.
SALE
SL-1500
$244.90
$189.00
SL-1400
$294.90
$229.00
SL-1300
$344.90
$274.00
SL-1350
$404.90
$309.00
SL-23
$184.90
$139.00
All with Audio-Technica 11-E Cartridge
SojisiuL
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