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Wednesday, October 9, 2002
the battalion
Two Americans, one Japanese
win Nobel prize for physics
2002 NOBEL PRIZE
Mastering the mysteries of physics
An American and a Japanese researchers won the 2002 Nobel
Prize in physics Tuesday for the detection of cosmic neutrinos
and another American researcher also won the prize for the
discovery of cosmic X-ray sources.
2002 winners Physics
Raymond Davis, Jr. and Riccardo Giacconi,
United States; Masatoshi Koshiba. Japan
Past winners
2001 • Eric A. Cornell and Carl E.
Wieman. United States; Wolfgang
Ketterle, Germany
2000 • Zhores I. Alferov, Russia;
Herbert Kroemer, Germany;
Jack Kilby, United States
1999* Gerardus’t Hooft and Martinus J.G. NobtiPna
Veltman, Netherlands
1998 • Robert B. Laughlin and Daniel C. Tsui, United States;
Horst L. Stoermer, Germany
AP
AP — A Japanese and two
American astrophysicists won
the Nobel Prize in physics
Tuesday for revealing the uni
verse as a violent and unpre
dictable place that belies the clas
sical vision of celestial harmony.
Riccardo Giacconi, 71, presi
dent of the Associated
Universities Inc. in Washington,
D.C., will get half of the $1 mil
lion prize for his pioneering role
in X-ray astronomy. For the last
four decades, he and other
astronomers have probed black
holes, neutron stars and the
hearts of active galaxies by
scanning space for the X-rays
they produce.
Raymond Davis Jr., 87, pro
fessor emeritus of the University
of Pennsylvania will share the
other half of the prize with
Japanese scientist Masatoshi
Koshiba, 76, of the University of
Tokyo. The two men led the
construction of giant under
ground chambers to detect neu
trinos, elusive particles that
stream from the sun and other
stars by the trillion.
Neutrinos offer a unique
view of the sun’s inner workings
because they are produced in its
heart by the same process that
causes it to shine. Davis’ early
experiments, built while he was
a research chemist at
Brookhaven National
Laboratory in New York and
performed during the 1960s and
’70s in the Homestake Gold
Mine in South Dakota, con-
firmed that the sun is powered
by nuclear fusion.
Koshiba won his share of the
prize for work at the
Kamiokande neutrino detector in
Japan. Completed in 1983, that
experiment confirmed and
extended Davis’ work. It also dis
covered neutrinos coming from
supernova explosions, the violent
death throes of ancient stars.
Neutrino experiments must
be done deep underground
because of the particles’ bizarre
properties. Chargeless and
extremely light, neutrinos are
overwhelmed at Earth’s surface
by other more massive, highly
charged particles.
Italian-born Giacconi, a U.S.
citizen, was cited for experi
ments that must take place in
space because Earth’s atmos
phere filters out X-rays. In 1959,
as a 28-year-old researcher at a
Massachusetts research firm,
Giacconi began designing rock
et-launched telescopes that
could detect X-rays coming
from the sun and other bodies.
His first telescope, in space
for six minutes, discovered
Scorpius X-l, a star that glows
in ultraviolet rather than visible
light. That first flight also found
that the universe is suffused with
a mysterious X-ray glow that
has only recently been identified
as the product of millions of
ancient black holes.
Since then, astronomers have
used increasingly more sophisti
cated X-ray telescopes, such as
the Chandra X-ray Observatory.
Those instruments have watched
super-hot matter funneling into
black holes and peered deep into
the hearts of chaotic young
galaxies where stars are born,
revealing distant worlds only
imagined a few decades ago.
When academy officials
reached Giacconi by phone at his
home outside Washington, he
said he was “dumbstruck.” He
said the prize money would pay
for his grandchildren’s education.
“Considering the cost these
days, it might be all that it's
good for,” he joked.
Swarmed by reporters at his
Tokyo home, Koshiba credited
those who worked with him in
SOURCE: Associated Press
his research.
“All 1 can say is I’m so
happy,” Koshiba said. ‘‘This
wonderful outcome was only
possible because of my young
assistants' hard work.”
Davis suffers from
Alzheimer’s disease and was not
available to comment Tuesday.
Colleagues praised him for his
quiet determination over a long
and sometimes difficult career.
At first. Davis’ gold mine
detector found far fewer neutri
nos than expected, leading
some critics to suggest some
thing was wrong with the
detector. But Davis insisted it
was something to do with the
neutrinos themselves.
“I have never seen Ray lose
his patience or get angry in
answering questions about his
experiment,” theoretical physi
cist John Bahcall wrote in a
1996 tribute to Davis.
During the 30 years since his
gold mine experiment, Davis
work has been validated by
Koshiba and others whose
research showed that many of
the neutrinos produced in the sun
take a different form duringtheii
93 million-mile voyage to Eaith.
Announcement of this year's
Nobel Prizes began Monday
with the naming of Britons
Sydney Brenner, 75. and JohnE.
Sulston, 60, and American H.
Robert Horvitz, 55, as winners
of the medicine prize.
The winner of the Nobel
Prize in chemistry will be
announced Wednesday morn
ing. with the Bank of Sweden
Prize in Economic Sciences in
memory of Alfred Nobel later
the same day. The literature
prize winner will be announced
on Thursday.
The prizes, which includes
gold medal and a diploma, are
presented on Dec. 10, the
anniversary of Nobel’s death.
Find out the future of your career!
Co-op Career Fair
Wednesday, Octobers
8:30 AM - 4:00 PM
Zachry Building
http://co-opweb. tamu. edu
Participating this year is:
3 M
AH Beck Foundation
AMD
Celanese
CIA
Citgo Petroleum
Cyberonics
Cypress Semi-Conductor
DOW
Eastman Chemical
Flowtronex
Halliburton
Health and Human Services Engineering Services
Lockheed Martin Corp
Lynntech, Inc.
Lyondell Equistar
NASA - Johnson Space Center
National Instruments
Parker Hannifin
Solutia, Inc
Stewart & Stevenson
Turner Construction
United Space Alliance
Vetrotex America
*
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