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Dr. Scott Thatcher, President of the Biology of Nuclear War Ed
ucation Project, will present a slide show and lead discussion.
iitl in j o osi The Biology of Nuclear War
When: Wed., Nov. 4, 8:d0 Educational SlideATape Show
Where: 404 Rudder Winner, Golden Camera
Award,
* ALL ARE WELCOME ttal FIIm Festlval ,
1984
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Page 6/The Battalion/Tuesday, November 3,1987
Hunt family
in federal court
over tax dispute
Warped
WASHINGTON (AP) — Attor
neys for the wealthy Hunt family of
Dallas told the U.S. Tax Court on
Monday that millions of dollars
transferred from Nelson Bunker
Hunt to his children in 1980 were
loans to cover losses in the silver
market and not taxable gifts.
In a trial consolidating eight cases
against the prominent on family, the
Internal Revenue Service is seeking
resolution of more than $358 million
in tax claims related to the Hunts’ ill-
fated silver buyout.
“We intend to show that the
lender had a deep and abiding faith
in silver and gold during that period
of high inflation and turbulent
world events,” the family’s lead at
torney, Ewing Werlein Jr., said.
“We expect further to show that
the lender. Nelson Bunker Hunt,
expected full repayment of the loans
with interest.”
The elder Hunts said in court fil
ings that they transferred $165.4
million to their children, all in the
form of business loans that “became
worthless” and were uncollectable
after the bottom fell out of the silver
market in March 1980.
The silver crash resulted in at
least a $1.3 billion loss for Bunker
Hunt and his brother, Herbert
Hunt. The two had bought a total of
59 million ounces of silver, estimated
at one-third of the existing world
supply.
IRS attorneys told the court that
Bunker Hunt and his wife Caroline
gave, rather than lent, the money to
their children and their spouses and
should be required to pay $150 mil
lion in gift taxes.
If the court decides Bunker
Hunt’s transfers were loans and not
f ifts, the IRS is prepared to seek
106 million in income taxes from
the Hunt children and an additional
$102 million from the Hunts for for
giving portions of the loans.
Waldo
by Kevin Thomas
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A&M researchers test stress effects
Study finds link between cadmium, anxiety-reducing acts
By Sara Mitchell
Reporter
Rats exposed to the element cad
mium react more strongly to
stressful situations and will consume
more alcohol, Texas A&M research
has found.
Dr. Jack Nation, a behavioral toxi
cologist involved in the research, has
discovered a link between exposure
to the environmental pollutant cad
mium and increased alcohol intake
in laboratory rats, possibly due to
stress.
“We are looking at the effects of
environmental contamination, in
cluding cadmium, on situations
where the animal is exposed to
stress,” Nation said.
“We’re looking for differences in
terms of stress reactivity as a result
of exposure to these different con
taminants,” he said.
Nation said cadmium, which is
similar to lead in both structure and
physiological effects, is a threat to
humans because of its presence in
food and tobacco. The studies on
rats may reveal information applica
ble to humans.
“Cadmium shows up in food
sources partly because it is in high
concentration in municipal sewage
sludge bought by agribusiness as fer
tilizer,” Nation said.
“It works its way into the food web
and eventually is presented to us as a
potential toxin,” he said.
He discovered that rats exposed
to cadmium react more strongly to
aversive stimulation and stress, such
as shock, than animals that are hot
exposed to cadmium.
Cadmium-treated animals react
differently to alcohol and tend to
prefer alcohol consumption to water
— possibly to reduce anxiety caused
by stress.
“If cadmium does provoke an in
crease in terms of stress reactivity,
then — to the extent that stress reac
tivity regulates alcohol consumption
— you would expect an increase in
alcohol consumption in cadmium-
treated animals,” Nation said.
Nation emphasized there isn’t
necessarily a causal link between
cadmium toxicity and alcoholism.
“That’s just not the case,” Nation
said. “We do not have any evidence
that lead or cadmium are related to
alcoholism, which is a psychosocial
disorder.”
“What we’re talking about is alco
hol consumption.”
“This would only contribute to an
existing predilection for the use of
alcohoL”
In 1982, a British team found a
correlation between the concentra
tion of lead in the bloodstream of
humans and the amount of alcohol
“We know that it does, but now
the issue is to try to Find out why,” he
said.
Nation wants to find out whether
increased alcohol consumption is
due to anxiety in the rat or is due to
a nutritional demand caused by cad
mium.
Cadmium disturbs certain
neurotransmitters in the brain, caus
ing an increase in anxiety, he said.
Alcohol is an anxiety reducer, but
also provides a source of calories for
the animal.
might be corresponding behavionl
differences,” he said.
The researchers found that with
both lead and cadmium, the in
creased alcohol consumption was
more pronounced after the stressor
was removed rather than during the
period where the animal actually was
exposed to the stressor.
Nation said alcohol consumption
increased both for the control and
treated animals during the recovery
period, but increased more dramati
cally for the treated animals.
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“We are looking at the effects of environmental con
tamination, including cadmium, on situations where
the animal is exposed to stress. We’re looking for dif
ferences in terms of stress reactivity as a result of expo
sure to these different contaminants. ”
— Dr. Jack Nation, A&M behavioral toxicologist
they drank, he said, but the reasons
for this are still unknown.
When governments realize the
economic impact of increased alco
hol consumption, such as absente
eism and social unrest, they may be
gin to get interested and support
research in this area, Nation said.
Nation said cadmium creates cer
tain metabolic disturbances that
might create nutritional demands,
possibly causing the animal to in
crease its alcohol consumption to in
crease caloric intake and not to de-
“It could be that during the pe
riod of stress, ingestive behaviors
generally are suppressed,” Nation
said.
“They have to deal with that stress
so they’re engaged in other behav
iors," he said. “Only during the post
stress period are they actually free to
engage in ingestive responses, so
that’s when you see the dramatic in
creases in alcohol consumption.”
Nation said his research is signifi
cant because it looks at emotional be
havior rather than motor reflexes.
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crease anxiety.
“It might be drinking more simply
because it needs the additional cal-
Nation said. “That’s what
Nation’s research found that after
rats were accustomed to the effects
of a 10-percent-alcohol solution,
stress induced by shock caused cad
mium-treated rats to consume twice
as much of the alcohol than non-
treated rats consumed after the
shock, and that treated rats drank
slightly more alcohol than water.
ones,
The research team found it takes
longer for alcohol to affect cad
mium-treated animals, and these
rats recover from alcohol more
quickly.
“That means that the alcohol is
not having the same effect on cad
mium-treated subjects that it is on
the other animals,” Nation said.
“We’re trying to define more
clearly why cadmium and lead cause
an increase in alcohol consumption,”
he said.
we re examining now.
Nation has been in behavioral tox
icology, the study of the effect of
toxins on physical and emotional be
havior, since 1980, when the U.S.
Department of Agriculture asked
him to study the effects of lead on
behavior.
After completing this research,
which found that lead increased al
cohol consumption in rats, Nation
began studying cadmium because
little research had been done in this
“Sometimes it’s difficult to talk
about emotions in animals, but you
can talk about differential reactions
to environmental, physical and psy
chological stressors,” he said. "We
were the first to explore the effects
of cadmium in learning situations
that were concerned with aversively
motivated behaviors.”
Outside stress, he said, lead and
cadmium have other side effects,
such as pulmonary problems, kidney
dysfunction, motor-nerve impair
ment and deterioration of the olfac
tory bulbs in the brain, which regu
late the sense of smell.
area.
“The reason I got interested in
cadmium was because cadmium and
lead have very similar neurochemi
cal profiles,” Nation said.
“They tend to evoke similar
changes in terms of the chemistry of
the nervous system,” he said.
“You would suspect that there
“It’s not unusual for factory work
ers to lose their sense of smell when
they’re working in a cadmium-re
lated industry,” Nation said.
The next goal for the research
team is to look at the combined ef
fects of toxins.
“Very little is known in terms of
the combined effects of different
chemicals like lead and cadmium,”
he said.
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