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You’ll love it!" 502 Southwest Pkwy 693-1325/693-1326 Office Hours: Mon-Fri 8:30/5:30 Sat 10-4 Sun 1-4 ararities (Home Jfmfr (Put JVt 8, 1987 'CEtme: 7:30 ^Placer OlalleQe Station (Uammuitit^t (Renter ^Bre&sz (Easual Page 4AThe Battalion/Wednesday, April 8, 1987 American Indians file suit over water on federal lands By Melisa Hohlt Reporter More than 50 lawsuits involving every major water source in the Western United States have been filed in federal courts from Arizona to Montana, where American Indi ans are demanding and fighting for water that is rightfully theirs, says a Texas A&M political science profes sor. All Western states apply the Prior Appropriation Doctrine to water right disputes, Dan McCool says. The doctrine states that anyone who uses the water has a right to do so, but that right is relinquished if the water is not used. Established in 1908, the Winters Doctrine states that when the federal government sets aside land for an Indian reservation, it also sets aside the water on that land, he says. “So, what that means is that the Indians have access to the water whether they use it or not,” McCool says, “because it’s part of their reser vation, just like the land.” Creating a whole land for an In dian tribe and assuming they didn’t have access to water either bor dering or running through the land would be foolish, he says. The Winters Doctrine refutes the Prior Appropriation Doctrine, he says, and since the two doctrines were completely incompatible, the Winters Doctrine was ignored until the 1960s, when the Supreme Court applied it to all federal reservations. These federal reservations, which include parks, wildlife refuges, na tional forests and military reserva tions, make up about one-third of the land, mass of the United States, McCool says. And about 60 percent of the water in the West rises on those federal lands. When the government encour aged western settlement through the Bureau of Reclamation and other land settlement policies, the settlers were given land, McCool says. Also, irrigation projects were built to en courage the divertion of water and the creation of irrigated farms, he says. Then the government actually gave water away twice, McCool says. “On one hand, it says that states have the right to allocate water according to Prior Appropriation,” he says, “and on the other hand, it created all these federal reserva tions, which are useless without wa ter.” Although the Bureau of Reclama tion has irrigated 11 million acres for the Anglo-Americans and is working on 9 million more, McCool says, it is building the Navajo Indian Irrigation Project to divert water to the largest reservation in the coun try. The project is being funded by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, but the Bureau of Reclamation is actu ally doing the work, McCool says. However, the Bureau of Reclama tion wants the Indians to use less wa ter so it can apply the water some where else, he says. Unfortunately, he says, most of the irrigation projects started by the BIA have never been completed, and some are 80 to 90 years old. “The Indians have access to the water whether they use it or not, because it's part of their reservation, just like the land. ” — Dan McCool, political science professor Some of the others are in such bad shape they’re not worth repairing, he says, because irrigation costs money and the BIA doesn’t have much money. Pyramid Lake, in Nevada, is on the Paiute Indian reservation and belongs to the Paiute Indians, Mc Cool says, but water from the lake is used to irrigate nearby parts of Ne vada and the only supply to the lake is the Truckee River, which runs from the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Around the turn of the century, McCool says, the Bureau of Recla mation began diverting water from the Truckee to create irrigation for the Anglo-Americans. This has led to a decrease in the water level on Pyramid Lake, which will inevitably ruin the lake and the reservation, he says. In 1983, the Supreme Court upheld a 1940s ruling that approved the divertion of water from Pyramid Lake, he says. The Indians currently are back in court, suing on different grounds, and McCool says he wouldn’t be surprised if they went all the way to the Supreme Court. Most of the Navajo reservation lies in Arizona, but it also is in parts of Utah, Colorado and New Mexico, | McCool says. Since the Colorado 1 River runs through the reservation, he says, the Navajo are threatening" to claim up to half of its flow — the half that is the major water source for Los Angeles, Las Vegas and seve ral other western cities. “If they claim that, we’re either going to have to pay them for it (wa ter), or they’re going to divert it and start using it for irrigation,” McCool says. “And if that happens, these cit ies are not going to have sufficient water.” Weather officials say Texans can anticipate active tornado season (AP) — David Shumaker never saw the tornado that lifted his trailer home into the air last April and ripped it to pieces, hurling him and other family members onto a nearby house. Shumaker, who was asleep in the trailer, was awakened by Albert West, a brother-in-law, who heard the twister’s roar as it tore through the West Texas town of Sweetwater. Then, Shumaker heard the storm, too. “It was a roar — a loud one — maybe like if a jet was flying 50 feet over your house, one of those big, old jets,” said Shumaker, who landed on the roof of his next-door neighbor’s house. After the twister struck, he didn’t remember much. He was knocked unconscious by a window pane and cut in the head and back. West is now a quadriplegic. The April 19 storm, near the be ginning of the traditional Texas tor nado season, killed an 87-year-old man, injured about 100 people and caused $20 million in damage. Killer tornadoes like the one in Nolan County strike with little or no warning, and authorities say there’s little residents can do but be pre pared. The National Weather Service said 132 twisters raced through Texas last year, above the state’s av erage of 115. For the past 30 years, during which extensive records have been kept, Texas has led the nation annually in the number of twisters. So far this year, 12 tornadoes have dipped from Texas skies: one in Jan uary, four in February and seven in March. A woman was killed in one of the March twisters, which struck An derson County, south of Palestine. Ed Ferguson, deputy director of the National Severe Storms Forecast Center in Kansas City, said, “A slow start does not mean that we will have a quiet year. “We should not interpret that to mean the tornado problems are over in Texas. We will be faced with strong storms the next three to four months; there will be a potential for strong weather systems to move through Texas. “I don’t see anything that would point to a less-than-normal season.” Buddy McIntyre, a meteorologist in the NWS forecast office in Fort Worth, said nationwide, nine torna does struck in January, 23 in Feb ruary and at least 31 in March. At least eight people died in those twis ters. Ferguson said the twister death toll in Texas last year was three, in cluding the Sweetwater tornado. Two other people died when a tor nado struck Tomball on Feb. 5, 1986. “On the long-term average, 12 people’s lives are claimed by torna does in the state each year,” he said. Ferguson said 120 Texans were injured by twisters last year. The av erage for the state is 182. Nationwide, 762 confirmed twis ters were reported last year, not far off the average of 774. McIntyre said the weather pat terns across Texas in the beginning of this year have provided the ingre dients for tornado development. “The upper-level patterns deter mine how much severe weather we will have,” he said. “We have been in a situation in the last several months that normally only develops to pro duce severe weather in the spring time. Even throughout the winter, we had that situation.” Tornado season normally spans the months of April to June, al though Ferguson stresses that twis ters can strike at any time. The Sweetwater twister, which struck at 7:30 a.m., packed winds es timated at 158-206 mph — strong enough to pick up a 3,000-pound automobile, Ferguson said. Sweetwater Mayor Rick Rhodes said, “That is still the staggering thing to me — how twisters can do so much damage so quickly. It’s amaz ing and fortunate more people were not killed.” NEED MONEY??? Sell your BOOKS at University Book Stores Northgate & Culpepper Plaza You are invited to a Gospel Meeting at the Twin City Church of Christ April 5-19, 1987 Lessons will be presented by jerry Fite 7:30 p.m.-Mon. thru fri. 810 Southwest PjrVway 10:30 a.m. & 6 p.m. Sunday College Station, Texas SHORT ON CASH??? Sell your books at - University Book Stores Northgate blowdry * O ^ (men & women) PERMS $16 so All work done by students Supervised O’ checked by our quulficd, ptxff'cMsinrutl instruc tors Select from styles from Pierre Cardin, After Six, Bill Blass and Miami Vice. 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