Monday, February 17, 1986FThe Battalion/Page 5
com: Middle East challenge
■ '
'iferdependent
forld changes
ireign policy
By mary McWhorter
Staff Writer
‘I We Middle East remains a poten-
«rt a of conflict not only for the
^uiiries and political groups di-
|y involved but also for the
pd States and the Soviet Union,
'Ixiftseph Sisco said Friday at the
“ ! :§fent Conference on National Af-
rs.
o, former under-secretary of
teiior political affairs, said, “The
it remains such a critical area
the potential for conflict be-
jen us and the Soviet Union
tre the Soviets have the advan-
ebf near proximity and obviously
int and major interests of
the Soviet Union and the
States are involved.”
Dr. Joseph Sisco speaks at the Student Conference on National Affairs.
r;
served 25 years in the De
tent of State where his princi-
lea of expertise was in the Mid-
pst and the Persian Gulf. He
iated the cease-fire between
fpt and Israel in 1970 and from
to 1976 he helped to work out
-disengagement agreements be-
Israel, Egypt and Syria,
is now a partner in Sisco As-
itfs, a national and international
i ting firm.
fee fundamental changes have
fed since World War II that af-
imerican policy in the Middle
Itjnd the Gulf, Sisco said.
^t, now that the Soviet Union
■chieved nuclear equilibrium.
America no longer has military su
periority, he said.
“The second fundamental change
is economic,” he said. “In the early
days after World War II, we were by
far the dominant power economi
cally,” Sisco said. “We helped rebuild
Japan. We certainly, with the Mar
shall Plan, re-built Western Europe.
W'e took the lead in the United Na
tions in the whole de-colonization
process. (We did this) not out of hu
manitarian interests, but largely be
cause the national interest of the
United States is best served in a
world environment of relative peace
and stabiliy.”
But, Sisco added, today we are op
erating in an interdependent world
where we are dealing economically
with our Western European allies as
equals and partners, not as depen
dencies. •
“While we are still the number
one economic power in the world,”
Sisco said, “the fact of the matter is
that we are much more dependent
in this interdepentent world on the
interaction between ourselves and
other countries and it is no longer a
United States that can apply over
whelming economic resources and
resolve a number of these issues as
clearly as we might have been able to
do in the early days after World War
II.”
Finally, Sisco said President Rea
gan has brought back a strong exec
utive leadership that had been lost
during the Vietnam War and Water
gate.
“Our most productive periods his
torically have been periods of strong
executive leadership supported by
bipartisan Congress,” Sisco said.
“From World War II to Vietnam
there was a consensus on security is
sues. Vietnam fractured that consen
sus. We began to doubt. Our policy
became less predictable.”
Reagan now has achieved a strong
pattern of cooperation between the
executive branch and the legislature,
one that Sisco said has been the ear
mark of a strong American lead
ership. '
Sisco added that he expected to
see continued conflict in Lebanon
and in Iran and Iraq. He said that
neither Iran nor Iraq had enough
military power to end their war and
that the only solution seemed to be
the death of Iran’s leadership.
Finally, Sisco said that the United
States does have a good deal of influ
ence in the Middle East and can use
it to help solve the problems there.
“The great diplomat, President
Sadat, was very fond of saying that
‘what you Americans have got to un
derstand is that when it comes to the
Middle East and the Gulf, the cards
are all in your hands if you have the
wisdom to play them effectively.’”
laell Arab call for peace in Mideast conflict
r JBySONDRA PICKARD
f] ■ Staff Writer
cor:
Israeli professor and an Arab
ador called for peace and de-
I their respective positions in
enmry-old, Arab-Israeli conflict
ty as part of the Student Con-
|ice on National Affairs.
foshe Ma’oz, chairman of the
nent of Islamic and Middle
i Studies at Hebrew Univer-
ijerusalem, and Ambassador
is Maksoud, permanent ob-
av. :r|of the League of Arab States
eunited Nations and chief rep-
uderiBttive of the League in the
tiiudtH States, were the participants
and iAanel discussion titled “The
ases Jjsraeli conflict.”
■don S. Brown, director of the
nienisceof Arabian Peninsula Affairs,
, the' Bated the discussion,
isenfnp’pz, presenting the Israeli view-
it toward the conflict, said pros-
rinl9i§for peace in the Middle East
vst fffl|opd.
er we achieve a settlement or
ill be a stalemate, a recession
bssibly another war,” Ma’oz
Ilf all parties are committed to
eino!ii i j' , t can achieve a breakthrough
Tirsue the course of peace.”
loz said 70 percent of the con-
tween the Israelis and the Pal-
Ins results from a psychologi-
trrier between the two peoples,
im sure the Palestinians
Idn’t regret it if Israel vanished
■row,” he said, “but it’s not
nO' I to happen. The Israelis and
f Palestinians are stuck together
|er they like it or not.”
jiough some Israelis recognize
[positive efforts within the Pal-
Jberation Organization, the
|ty doesn’t trust the PLO be-
lof its recent terroristic activ-
^and its failure to fulfill
ements, Ma’oz said,
o those who hold this view,
)i said, the best solution is to
the West Bank and Gaza, not
for religious, historical or na-
Ireasons but for security,
ta’oz described the conflict as a
Gordon Brown (left) moderates a discussion between
Clovis Maksoud (center) and Dr. Moshe Ma’oz.
ive
y
its
vicious circle whereby extremists on
both sides force their positions.
“There is a feeling among Israelis
that we can’t go on dominating an
other nation,” he said. “This is
against the authentic values of Zion
ism, and it’s eroding the fabric of so
ciety.
“There is no ideal solution to the
Middle East problem — maybe
there’s no solution at all — but I’m
talking about an alternative to stale
mate and war.
“The Palestinians on the West
Bank, no doubt, would prefer an in
dependent state under the PLO, but
they may settle for second best.”
Ma’oz said the main stumbling
block to such a plan is the PLO,
which is the sole representative of
the Palestinian people.
But Maksoud said the roots of the
conflict lie in the structuring of the
Israeli state at the ultimate expense
of the disenfranchisement and dis
possession of the Palestinian people.
Putting the problem into its his
torical context, Maksoud said Israel
agreed to absolve the Western world
from the guilt of the persecution of
Jews during World War II, if, in re
turn, the Western world would ab
solve Israel of whatever action it
plans to take against the Palestinians
and the Arabs.
“To the conservative American,
Israel is addressed as if it were the
only projection of Western civiliza
tion in the Third World,” Maksoud
said.
He said the Arabs are caught in a
“claustrophobia of noncommunica
tion” in which they sometimes have
to “shriek” in order to have their
voice heard.
The historical and future Arab-Is-
raeli conflict is something in the
realm of the philosophic and intel
lectual, Maksoud said, while what is
being pressed'for is a pragmatic, rea
listic and diplomatic solution.
He said Arab nationalism is not an
attempt to distinguish the Arabs
from others, but to seek equality
with others.
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“Arab nationalism goes beyond
racism and fundamentalism of any
sort,” Maksoud said. “Discrimination
to the Arabs is a problem, while dis
crimination in Israeli ideology is a
pattern and a policy.”
The Palestinians and the PLO
have undertaken acts of reconcilia
tion which have gone unnoticed and
sometimes have been deliberately ig
nored, Maksoud said. He said they
advocated a secular, democratic state
that recognized the Jewish presence
in Palestine, but that Israel reacted
negatively.
Stressing the importance of the
PLO to the Palestinian people, Mak
soud said the group has become
much more than just a liberation or
ganization, but “a state of mind in
the absence of their state.”
“It has become the framework of
their peoplehood, the mechanism of
their national unity and the vehicle
by which Palestinian frustrations
and aspirations are articulated,”
Maksoud said. “Hence, whenever
anybody seeks to negotiate the ulti
mate destiny of the Palestinians
without the PLO, they are perform
ing an exercise of futility.”
Marketed as an incentive for
peace, Maksoud said, the Camp Da
vid agreements have subsequently
developed into a license for Israel to
proliferate more settlements in occu
pied Arab territories.
“What Camp David constituted is
not simply an agreement,” Maksoud
said, “but an attempt to reduce
Egypt’s involvement and functional
participation in the Arab national
challenge, thereby setting in motion
a process of disintegration.”
Maksoud said the Arabs seek a
geniune peace where all the states in
the region are living equally.
“Arabs argue a great deal
amongst themselves and sometimes
this spills over into violent debates,”
he said. “But one thing is sure — we
are all moderates if our rights are
forthcoming — but we are all radi
cals if there is a level of hopelessness,
which the international community
allows to develop.”
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