Page 14/The Battalion/Wfednesday August 28, 1985
Catholicism
American Catholics reject authority
Associated Press
CHICAGO — American Cath
olics have learned to reject
church authority while clinging to
the fold, and their independence
will thwart any attempt by the Va
tican to undo 20 years of reform,
says priest and sociologist An
drew M. Greeley.
The U.S. church survived re
appraisal spurred by Vatican II
with the loyalty of most members
“unshaken and, perhaps, unsha
kable,” Greelev said in a report,
to be released Wednesday, that is
based on surveys of American
Catholic laity since the reforms of'
the Second Vatican Council of
1905.
His report is being released as
Pope John Paul II and the
church’s bishops prepare for a
November meeting to assess the
impact of Vatican II. The pope
has differed with U.S. Catholics
over their intepretatibn of those
reforms and calls for increased
liberalization including married
priests, more independence for
nuns, and relaxed birth control
restrictions.
Vatican II provided for Mass
in the native language, eased re
marriage for divorced Catholics
and allowed more local custom in
worship.
Debate on the reforms has cen
tered on recent changes among
U.S. Catholics: a higher divorce
rate, lower church attendance
and rejection of the official
church stance on birth control,
premarital sex and divorce.
Some trace these developments
to liberalization from Vatican II,
but Greeley contends they are the
result of broad social trends.
“If sex and authority and espe
cially authority about sex are
one’s criteria for the health of the
Catholic population, then the
Catholic Church is in grave crisis.
“If, on the other hand, the
principal criterion of health is
profound loyalty to the heritage
and to the institution which trans
mits the heritage, then American
Catholicism is in very good condi
tion.”
His report is based on surveys
of U.S. Catholics conducted dur
ing the past 20 years by the Na
tional Opinion Research Center
in Chicago, where lie is a research
associate.
Since Vatican II, U.S. church
membership has dropped about 2
percent, he said. The nation’s 56
million Catholics make up about
25 percent of the population.
Greeley says U.S. Catholics’
continued loyalty is linked to an
other change resulting from Vati
can II — an image of God as
warmer and more understand
ing, even if church leaders are
not.
He contends a “precipitous”
decline in church attendance be
tween 1969 and 1975 was linked
not to Vatican II, but to the
church’s 1968 pronouncement
reaffirming strict prohibitions
against artificial methods of birth
control.
Four years after Vatican II,
two-thirds of American Catholics
attended church every Sunday.
But six years after the birth-con
trol encyclical, attendance had
dropped to roughly 50 percent —
where it has remained, Greeley
said.
Three Nicaraguan rebel leaders
claim CIA agreements unfulfilled
Associated Press
WASHINGTON — Three Nicara
guan Indian rebel leaders said Tues
day that CIA officers have brokered
two agreements this year on how ri
val U.S.-backed insurgent groups
should divide privately raised mili
tary supplies.
The leaders of the main coalition
of Indians fighting Nicaragua’s left
ist government, said the agreements,
brokered in Honduras, were made
with the larger Nicaraguan Demo
cratic Force (FDN) in February and
again in June.
The CIA's reported role in the
deals came after Congress banned
the agency from “supporting, di
rectly or indirectly, military or par
amilitary operations in Nicaragua.”
Congress passed the ban, known as
the Boland amendment, last Octo
ber.
Two congressional panels next
month plan to examine whether the
Reagan administration complied
with the ban, particularly following
reports that the White Flouse’s Na
tional Security Council helped the
rebels raise money and offered mili
tary advice.
Rep. George E. Brown Jr., D-
Calif., a member of the Flouse Intel
ligence Committee, said the pane!
was aware of “continuing contacts
between the CIA and the rebels, but
lacked any specific knowledge about
the contents of those discussions.
The CIA\ has “been giving lip
service to the Boland amendment,
but not fully complying with it
Brown said. “T he (administration s)
legal eagles are interpreting all of
the laws in a way to favor the policies
of the president.”
CIA spokeswoman Patti Volz said
the agency is “complying with con
gressional obligations and restric
tions.”
The Indian leaders said despite
the agreements, the FDN has failed
to live up to the commitments, and
has used its control over supplies to
g a i n c o n t r o 1 of the India n
movement on Nicaragua’s Atlantic
coast. As a result, they said, the Indi
ans’ military campaign against the
Sandinista government has been
crippled in recent months.
The Indian rebel leaders were
Teofilo Archibald Wilson, a political
director of Misura; Effrain Smith, a
member of the Misura military high
command and top commander of
the Misura-aligned Southern Indig
enous Creole Community or SICC;
and Charles Hodgson, an SICC po
litical leader. They Said then troops
face serious shortages of food, uni
forms and military equipment.
Bosco Matamoros, the FDN’s rep
resentative in Washington, denied
the charge. “We have always lived up
to our obligations,” he said. “We
have always helped out the other
groups when they are in need.”
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