Page 12/The Battalion/Thursday, June 2, 1983
Water_ usage is the key
Few shortages
foretold
United Press International
WASHINGTON — Most
western farmers should have no
serious problems with water
shortages for many more years,
as long as water is priced and
used wisely, Agriculture Depart
ment experts say.
But shortages are likely to ex
ist in some isolated areas, a de
partment report adds.
The report, published in the
current issue of the depart
ment’s “Farmline” magazine,
quoted Economic Research Ser
vice economists David Wilson
and Harry Ayer as suggesting
that the government increase
the cost of irrigation water in
order to encourage conserva
tion.
“The government, which
controls much western irriga
tion water, determines prices for
water in many areas,” the report
said. “If supplies are di
minishing too rapidly, price in
creases can encourage more
efficient irrigation methods.
“In other words, where water
is costly, users employ it effi
ciently, but where it’s inexpen
sive, they’re not so careful,” the
report added.
The economists do not attach
a fixed price to their definition
of “expensive” water. Instead,
the term is applied to water costs
that are high enough to justify
the implementation of conserva
tion practices.
Water costs across the West
vary widely, depending partly
on whether the water is surface
or ground water, whether it is
publicly or privately owned and
what sort of delivery system is
used, the report said.
The economists cited a 1978
survey that showed the average
cost of irrigation water ranging
from $2.21 per acre-foot in
parts of Utah to $26.75 in part of
Oregon.
An acre-foot is the amount of
water needed to cover an acre of
land with water one foot deep.
But the survey also showed
that half of all the farmland irri
gation water used in the West
costs less than $20 per acre-foot,
and about 25 percent cost $ 15 or
less. Most of the water supplied
by the U.S. Bureau of Reclama
tion fell into the $15 or less
category, the report said.
An analysis showed the
amount of water used was close
ly related to its cost.
“Application averaged 3 feet
per acre when the cost of water
was $15 per acre-foot or less,
whereas the average rate was 1.4
feet per acre in areas where the
cost of water was $25 per acre-
foot or more,” the report said.
that trap and recycle runoff wa
ter use between 60 percent and
90 percent of the water applied.
“But switching to a more effi
cient irrigation system costs
money,” the report said. “And
unless the money saved in water
costs is high enough, few far
mers can afford to conserve.”
The report also suggested
other methods of discouraging
heavy use of irrigation water, in
cluding more efficient applica
tion systems such as sprinklers
or gated pipes — rather than
flooding.
The report quoted Ayer and
Wilson as saying flooding is only
between 45 percent and 65 per
cent efficient. But sprinklers,
gated pipes and other devices
Wilson and Ayer’s study
showed that farmers using inex
pensive water were most likely to
flood their fields when irrigat
ing, while those who had to pay
more for their water were far
more dependent on sprinklers
and gated pipe systems.
They identified cost as a
primary factor in determining
the type of irrigation system is
used.
“If water conservation is a
federal objective, then a restruc
turing of contractual water
prices administered by federal
agencies should be considered,”
Wilson and Ayer suggested.
50 million Americans|
claim English heritage
United Press International
WASHINGTON — About
50 million Americans claim
full or partial English heritage
— the largest single ethnic
group in the United States
and more than the total popu
lation of England.
The Census Bureau also
reported Tuesday that 49.2
million Americans list their
ancestry as full or partly
German.
It said 12 times as many
Americans — or roughly 40
million — claim Irish descent
as there are people in Ireland.
“And these figures were
not even collected on St. Pat
rick’s Day, when almost every
one claims to be Irish,” said
Census Bureau Director
Bruce Chapman. The statis
tics were based on responses
from the 1980 census forms.
On the long form, people
were asked to identify their
ancestry, regardless of how
many generations removed
from the country of origin.
Chapman noted the defini
tion was up to the individual.
and in cases where a person’s
ancestors came from several
nations the person may have
listed just one.
The statistics showed 49.5
million Americans reported at
least one English ancestor, or
about a million people more
than the current English
population.
The report also showed
more than 83 percent of the
nation’s population identifies
with at least one ancestry
group, with 52 percent claim
ing a single ancestry and 36
percent claiming two or more.
Twenty-one million Amer
icans listed “Afro-American”
ancestry, a number greater
than the black populations of
all but four African nations.
Other ethnic ancestries,
both single and multiple de
signations, included: French,
13 million; Italian, 12 million;
Scottish, 10 million; Polish, 8
million; Mexican, 8 million;
American Indian, 7 million;
and Dutch, 6 million.
The next largest ethnic
groups, in descending order
of size from 4 million mliB
lion, were Swedish, Nor|)|, 76 N
gian, Russian not else*i<
classified, and Portid
The Russian not elsey
classified category
l I «i.v> 11 tv, w UIUIU n
those who reported as ij |
sian, Georgian andothet] |
lated European or As I
groups.
I'lie report provided at |
at the geographicdistrih f
of ethnic groups, show '
number of concentratioiii|
California portrayed j
nation's ethnic diver® I
1980, with more peopleoli]
glish, Cierman, Irish,Fre:
Scottish, Dutch, Svejl
Danish and Portugueseon Thursda;
living there than anv«complete
state. ■oducth
New York, the tradii):«|its edi
“meltingpot”portofentn*. “All i
many immigrants,showedlpasscd sc
largest numbers of peopi House c<
Italian, Polish, Russian bills Itw;
Hungarian ancestry, which I
Minnesota ranked firs! people o
Norwegians, Illinois they wen
Czechs and Pennyslvaniiffi “But a
state
Welsh.
^ * -g • -g r Stwupa, ... T.V..;....
Diplomatic change reflects Reagan requests new agenc
no policy shift — Reagan
United Press International
WASHINGTON — President
Reagan, who ordered a shakeup
of top diplomatic advisers in
troubled Central America, says
the personnel shift signals no
change in U.S. policy in the re
gion.
Reagan made the remarks to
reporters on his return to the
White House Tuesday from
Williamsburg, Va., where he
presided over the seven-nation,
three-day economic summit.
“No. No,” he said when asked
whether the shakeup. meant a
policy change.
There have been reports the
administration will be taking a
harder line in Central America
following the ouster of Thomas
Enders, the assistant secretary
of state for South American af
fairs.
Enders was replaced with
Ambassador to Brazil Lan-
ghorne Motley, a political
appointee.
Administration officials also
disclosed Reagan shortly will re
move Ambassador Deane Hin
ton from his post in El Salvador
and replace him with Ambassa
dor to Guyana Gerald Thomas,
a black, who was one of the
Navy’s highest ranking officers.
In a 20-minute interview
Tuesday summing up the Wil
liamsburg summit, Reagan told
eight U.S. and foreign corres
pondents there were “no win
ners and no losers. All seven
were in agreement.”
ion that causes it.”
Reagan said he felt all the
leaders now have “a more realis
tic view” of the Soviet Union,
and much of the hostile rhetoric
from Moscow is for “home con
sumption.”
Reagan said he forsees
better relations with the
Kremlin but warned “if
there is an increase of
tension, it will be the
Soviet Union that causes
“We’re ready at any time, if
they want to make it plain by
deed, not word, that they want
to join in the same things that
are of concern to all of us — the
betterment of life for our peo
ple,” he added.
It.
On the Soviets, Reagan said
that in his opinion nuclear arms
reduction negotiations “won’t
really get down to brass tacks un
til they see we are going forward
with the scheduled deployment”
of cruise missiles in Europe,
starting in December.
He said he forsees better rela
tions with the Kremlin but
warned “if there is an increase of
tension, it will be the Soviet Un
seated at the conference table
with the other summit leaders,
Reagan said, “I couldn’t help but
think several times, why in the
world isn’t that other so-called
superpower here? Why didn’t
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they have someone sitting at the
table able to get along with the
rest of us.”
As for the convergence of
economic views, Reagan told the
reporters despite clear differ-
The president sought to mas
sage European concern about
his commitment to arms control
by saying “We’re going to try to
negotiate.” But he said the
Soviets “have based their entire
propaganda campaign — every
thing they’ve been doing — on
seeking to prevent the begin
ning deployment.”
ences in approach, “you would
be amazed at how much our
thinking was alike on so many of
the things discussed.”
He said the long hours of con
versation, much of it conducted
without aides, did not necessari
ly change minds but showed the
Allies could “come into a con
sensus,” at least on the nature of
the problems they face.
United Press International
WASHINGTON — President
Reagan asked Congress
Wednesday to replace the Com
merce Department with a new
Department of International
Trade and Industry and to scat
ter its non-trade functions
throughout the government.
1 he proposal, under refine
ment for five weeks, was un
veiled at the White House by
Commerce Secretary Malcolm
Baldrige and U.S. Trade Repre
sentative William Brock, whose
jobs would be consolidated in
the new Cabinet post.
The shift would bring trade
policy functions now carried out
by the Commerce Department
and trade negotiations now car
ried out by Brock’s office into
the same bureaucratic domain.
Reagan, in a statement read
by presidential aide Edwin
Meese, said the need for reorga
nization arises from the in
creased importance of interna
tional trade in the U.S. economy
today and in the future.
“This new department can
not only provide a leant
efficient and better-coor
approach to inten
trade,” Reagan said, 1
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