'i
Page 10 THE BATTALION
WEDNESDAY, JUNE 3, 1981
National
Find it in Battalion Classified
845-2611
Scientist shows Earth age difference
NO MATTER WHAT
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United Press International
WASHINGTON — A Caltech geologist thinks he knows
why scientists searching the world have been unable to find
rocks older than about 3.8 billion years — even though the
Earth is believed to be some 4.6 billion years old.
Dr. Don L. Anderson says the evidence indicates the
young globe was blanketed by an ocean of molten rock and
that as the liquid “froze,” the resulting crystals sank to the
depths of this sea of magma — like sand settling in a pond.
Thus the earliest crystallized rock on Earth probably is
buried hundreds of miles beneath the surface.
Anderson, professor of geophysics and director of Cal
tech’s seismological laboratory, outlined his theory at a
meeting last week of the American Geophysical Union in
Baltimore. He said his ideas were based on a decade of
research.
His theory represents a sharp departure from commonly
accepted ideas of Earth’s early history that hold the Earth
formed with only modest amounts of melting.
The key to Anderson’s hypothesis lies in Earth’s mantle,
that semi-solid region between the thin crust of today and
the molten core. Anderson believes the upper layers of the
mantle solidified at different times from the global ocean of
molten material into rock of different composition.
The theory is based primarily on the fact that molten
rock now coming up in crustal cracks in the middle of ocean
floors is chemically quite different froiYi that coming up at
oceanic islands and in the interiors of continents.
Anderson said the first forming crystals in the magma
ocean would have been more dense than the liquid rock —
so they would sink. The elements concentrated in the early
crust therefore formed the lower layers of the mantle.
“As the Earth cooled, further lighter crystals began to
separate out of the melt and form the upper mantle,”
Anderson said. “These crystals, however, were depleted in
those elements that formed the first layer, making the two
layers complementary in their chemistry.
“Such a scenario explains the absence of an early crust on
Earth and the two contrasting magmas found at ocean
ridges and ocean islands.”
Anderson said the inferred composition of these two
layers indicates they resulted from a 20 percent melt of the
mantle. That would make the ocean of molten roch 1 ,
300 miles thick if the melted material was on thesu4
one time. Me said the surface probably remained®<j
from about 4.5 billion to 3.8 billion years ago.
Sound wave studies have shown there indeedisar
separation in the mantle at depths of about
miles.
Molten rock from the upper layer of the manllt;
leased where continents separate and where ocean^
form such as in the Hawaiian chain of islands. Thesera
Anderson said, contain such elements as potassium.;
nium, thorium, barium and rubidium — whichfe
migrate upwards in a molten state.
Molten material from the deeper layer of the n
emerges from the mid-ocean ridges and Andersot]
these rocks contain elements that would haver
down in a magma ocean.
When mixed together, Anderson said, thee!eineni(|
centrations of the upper and lower layers of the j
would approximate the average composition of the E
Suppliers must face situation here to survive
Japanese computers gain in U.S. sales
United Press International
NEW YORK — Japanese com
puters, unlike their autos, are not
yet a major presence in the United
States, but they are slowly gaining
a firm foothold.
Mirek J. Stevenson, chairman
of Quantum Science Corp., which
specializes in evaluation of the im
pact of technology on business.
it us pay your
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told a recent seminar “Japanese
companies have strong technolo
gical capabilities which will pose a
threat in the new rapidly emerg
ing computer departmental infor
mation processing and telecon
ferencing markets of future office
systems.
“These technological capabili
ties are particularly strong in such
areas as communications, video
compression, speech recognition,
non-impact printing, telecon
ferencing, facsimilie and personal
computers,” Stevenson told the
meeting sponsored by the Amer
ican Institute for Professional
Education.
He said the merger of compu
ter, communications and office-
related technologies will give the
Japanese a big advantage, unless
properly faced by U.S. suppliers.
Analyzing on a company-
bycompany basis, he said:
—Fujitsu Ltd., focuses its re
search efforts on such leading
edge technologies as pattern rec
ognition, cassette bubble memor
ies, Kanji (Japanese character)
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technologies, fiber optics and 64
K-RAM (random access memory)
chips. Fujitsu overtook IBM
Japan Ltd. as Japan’s leading com
puter vendor in the Japanese fiscal
year 1980, ended last March, for
the first time in history with $1.5
billion volume vs. $1.3 billion.
—Nippon Electric Co., with
telecommunications revenues of
$1.5 billion and electronics data
processing system revenues of
$959 million, is strong on fun
damental technologies, such as
optical fiber components and sys
tems, bubble memories and solid
state devices, speech recognition
and robotics.
—Hitachi Ltd. registered $982
million in computer sales, ranking
third in Japan, and its goal is to
export 25 percent of its compu
ters. It now exports 7 percent.
Stevenson said he does not
think the Japanese Ministry of In
ternational Trade and Industry
runs the whole show in the
Japanese computer industry,
adding Japanese computer makers
are competing fiercely among
themselves.
Edward Lesniek, assistant to
the president of Wang Laborator
ies Inc., disputed Stevi
view.
He argued the Japanese
eminent has been pickinguj
of the research and devek
expenditures lor Japanese
tie computer manufacture!!
specifically has limited itssi
and purchase of computers In
tive-owned companies.
These practices, he said
effect force individual Ann
computer companies to cm)
with the Japanese govemnr
Frank R. Kline Jr., an aar
with Drexel Burnham Laid
Inc., the Wall Street House,
recently published report,
Nationa
Hen Sr
bother
the Japanese pose a seriousik n ished
to U.S. manufacturersofo
ter parts, peripherals,
rocessors and small desktopta
puters, which he expects toisij
rialize over the next 241
months.
Kline forecast Japaneseei
of computers and their cob
nents to the United Statessj
grow at an annual clipof2t|
cent over the next nine yean
the present $800 miliontof
lion by 1989.
By RT
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