THE BATTALION Page 7
WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 17, 1979
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Dog owners can help stop heartworms
By BETSY HESS
Battalion Reporter
If dog owners will take preventat
ive measures, they can help veteri
narians control a disease that has
become extremely common in the
past 30 years, said Dr. Thomas M.
Craig, associate professor of veteri
nary parasitology at Texas A&M
University.
Dirofilaria immitis, commonly
known as heartworms, used to be
prevalent only along the Gulf Coast
and the Atlantic Seaboard up the
Chesapeake Bay area, Craig said.
Now it occurs throughout the coun
try.
In Texas, the greatest concentra
tion of the disease is in the eastern
two-thirds of the state.
The adult worm, which can range
from 3 to 11 centimeters in length,
lives in the pulmonary artery in the
right side of the dog’s heart, Craig
said. This is where the blood travels
directly to the lungs.
“Living here, the worm has ev
erything it needs — a warm, moist
place to stay, food and other
worms,” Craig said. “In this com
fortable environment they begin to
reproduce.”
After they enter the dog’s
bloodstream through a mosquito
bite, it takes the heartworm larvae
about six months to reach adulthood
and start reproduction, he ex
plained.
The larva is called a microfilaria.
It travels in the bloodstream and
circulates through the body.
The average size of a microfilaria
is about three-tenths of a millime
ter. It is at this stage that the disease
is diagnosed by veterinarians
through blood samples.
Adult worms living within the dog
produce excretory substances that
can eventually plug the pulmonary
arterial system, Craig said. Less
blood travels to the lungs and oxy
gen is harder to obtain. This results
in heart failure.
Since the worms can live several
years, symptoms can occur over a
long period of time and may go un
noticed by the dog owner. Craig
said the symptoms include loss of
appetite, difficulty in breathing and
a chronic cough.
The effect of the disease depends
on the condition of the individual
dog, he said. Age, size and stamina
are important factors.
Some cases lead to progressive-,
deterioration of the dog’s general
health. Others may have a moderate
infection of the parasite and can lead
normal life with the worm living in
them. “The problem with these
dogs is that they are carriers of the
disease,” Craig said.
When a mosquito bites a diseased
dog, it draws out some of the larvae
which are circulating in the
bloodstream.
When the mosquito bites another
dog, the larvae are injected into the
animal. The larvae then travel
through the blood to the heart,
where they become adult worms.
The larvae in the dog’s
bloodstream cannot become into an
adult worms without first passing
through the mosquito’s body.
There are some cases in which a
dog with heartworms passes the lar
vae to her puppies inside the womb,
he said. But in these cases adult
worms will not be present in the
puppy.
One difficulty the disease causes
veterinarians comes in diagnosis.
“There is another parasite that
can be found within dogs called di-
petalonema reconditium. This para
site has a similar life cycle to that of
the heartworm. However it does not
cause any damage to the dog,” Craig
said. “It is difficult to distinguish be
tween the two parasites.”
The next problem occurs in
treatment. “Veterinarians don’t
have enough knowledge at this
point to predict the outcome of
therapy for one particular dog,”
Craig said.
The number of larvae within the
blood has nothing to do with deter
mining the number of adult worms
in the heart, he said. After treat
ment, the dead worms become large
foreign objects within the lungs.
If all the larvae circulating in the
bloodstream were killed at once
Craig said, they would accumulate
in the filtering organs, the liver and
kidneys, causing them to stop
functioning.
“We are in a position that no mat
ter what we do, it could be wrong,”
Craig said. Treatment needs to
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come in small doses over a long
period of time so the dog’s system
can cope with it.
The only drugs found to be effec
tive against heartworms so far con
tain arsenic, Craig said. A different
drug, an iodine preparation, is used
to kill the larvae in the bloodstream.
“We treat the dogs with the arse
nical first to kill the adults,” Craig
said. “Then we wait about six weeks
and start treatment against the lar
vae in the bloodstream.”
Puppies that get the disease from
the mother may start treatment
against the larvae at three to four
months of age.
After the infected dog has been
cleared of the adults and larvae, he
should be put on a preventative
treatment Craig said.
Two weeks after the dog is bitten
by the mosquito, he explained, the
larvae will molt, or shed its outer
layer of skin within the dog. This
happens within 24 to 48 hours and it
is the only time in which the worm
is susceptible to preventative treat
ment.
During the preventative treat
ment the dog is given small doses of
the drug every day in order to catch
the larvae in its molting stage, Craig
said.
Giving a large quantity of the
drug at one time to make up for
missing a day will not affect the
parasite and it could harm the dog,
he warned. If the drug is not given
for more than a 48-hour period, the
molting stage can be missed and the
worm will already be on its way to
adulthood.
Craig suggested the preventative
treatment should be started at least
one or two months before mosquito
season and should be continued
until at least a couple of months
after the season.
It is important for the owner to
have his dog examined to determine
if he already has heartworms before
starting him on a preventative
treatment.
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Your Assets?
Accountant $29,788/yr.“
Attorney $56,477/yr.*
Chemist $51,492/yr. ,,
Engineer $45,101/yr.*
LUBY’S / ROMANA $80,000/yr.
MANAGER
Seem hard to believe? The average Cafeterias, Inc. manager did earn over $80,000 lastyear.
The average training period to become a manager is 6 to 8 years. Managers attain these
earnings by collecting a share of the net profits from their own cafeteria. The average associ
ate manager last year earned $45,500. This earning level is attainable in 3 to 5 years.
To become a manager of one of our cafeterias is a very special business opportunity. You’ll
be joining an ambitious and progressive company that requires more of its managers than
any food chain in the Sunbelt. Local managers are decision making businessmen who are
responsible for all purchasing, menu planning, and hiring of personnel. We grant our
managers a great deal of autonomy, and treat them as business partners. Cafeterias, Inc. is
a firm believer in promoting from within; hence, most Corporate Officers are former unit
managers.
Cafeterias, Inc. is not restricting interviews to only Business majors; we’re open to all degrees.
We’re looking for people who are interested in becoming dynamic, aggressive, and well
paid business people. If that’s your goal, then we’re looking for you!
‘Average Salaries; highest level of experience, difficulty, and responsibility, from the
National Survey of Professional, Administrative, Technical, and Clerical Pay, March 1978—-
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Bulletin 2004.
Interviewing on Campus October 19,1979. Contact Davis W. Simpson or send
resume to: Tommy Griggs, Cafeterias, Inc., Century Bldg., Suite 200E, 84 Northeast Loop
410, San Antonio, Texas 78286 512-349-2461
Cafeterias, Inc.
CENTURY BLDG SUITE 200E • 84 N E LOOP 410 • SAN ANTONIO. TEXAS 78286