Page 4C THE BATTALION
MONDAY. SEPTEMBER 3. 1979
Type right.
Happy faces
Smile good for communication, study says
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United Press International
WEST LAFAYETTE, Ind. — A
smile is better than a blank look, but
college women talking to a coun
selor would rather see a nodding
head.
Young women also feel more re
laxed communicating with a
member of their own sex — possibly
because they are not sure what a
man’s smile means.
Harold Hackney of Purdue Uni
versity’s Department of Education
reports those findings from his ex
periments to determine a smile’s in
fluence on verbal communication.
“People want feedback when
communicating a highly personal
matter,” said Hackney, who helps
train graduate students for counsel
ing positions in community health
centers and private industry.
“Research in non-verbal behavior
in an interpersonal setting has been
sparse,” he said in an interview. “I
Teel the whole realm of non-verbal
communication and its importance
in counseling is an area that has
been largely neglected.”
So Hackney designed three ex
periments testing the effects a lis
tener’s facial expressions have on a
person asked to discuss his feelings
| about a subject. He used college
coeds as subjects. He hopes to com
plete a series on men students later.
The experiments aimed at
measuring the influence of four
non-verbal facial gestures — no ex
pression, head nod, smile, and a
combination of smile and head nod
— on responses given by the sub
jects.
In the first experiment,
videotapes were made of a male and
a female counselor showing differ
ent facial expressions. They were
played for the subjects, who were
told the counselors could see and
hear them on closed circuit TV.
“The first reaction of the students
viewing the expressionless male was
to talk like crazy for two and a half to
three minutes, then give up after
getting no feedback,” Hackney said.
“With the stoic female, the sub
jects didn’t work as hard to get the
same reaction, but they tended to
talk slower and longer so they talked
pretty much the same amount.”
Hackney said the interviews were
tape recorded and subjects’ remarks
analyzed to see how much they re
flected the subject’s feelings.
“We found that in the taped situa
tion in which the counselors were
randomly smiling or nodding, the
subjects talked more and expressed
more feeling to both the male and
the female counselor.
“However, they did express more
self-reference statements, from
which you could infer an element of
trust, in talking to the female coun
selor.”
Hackney said the hesitance of the
subjects — all women 19-21 years
old — to “open up” to the male
counselor might have occurred be
cause they were not sure of what his
smile meant.
“Although the relative ages of the
two makes a difference, when a man
smiles at a woman it can mean so
many things from T understand’ to T
think you’re sexually interesting’
that young women aren’t as sure of
themselves in talking to him as they
are in talking to another woman. ”
Hackney said the subjects indi
cated they valued nods of the head
more than a smile or any other facial
gesture.
The second experiment had a
male or a female counselor in
another room watch and listen on
TV to the subjects, who in turn saw
the counselors on the closed circuit
television but were unable to hear
them. The counselors gave appro
priate facial responses to the stu
dents’ comments.
The results were similar to those
of the first test, with the women
students talking and responding
more to the female counselor.
“They were less apt to give more
self expression to the male smiling
or nodding than to the female coun
selor giving them the same feed
back,” he said.
The third test involved face-to-
face situations in which six male and
female counselors listened and gave
facial reactions without talking back
to the subjects.
“In the live situation, there was a
lot of non-verbal behavior we
couldn’t control,” Hackney said.
“We found that all facial gestures
were pretty powerful re-inforce
was much harder for the coins
to limit themselves to just
specified set of gestures.
“In addition, we found the
jects were responding to thed
ent counselors differently i
though they were giving thei
gestures.
“But the importance of all j
experiments is that they helpe
isolate facial gestures we all tah
granted as variables influem
another’s behavior.
“This will help us train mott
fective counselors by giving tl*
better understanding of what
are saying when they are not si
anything — the therapeutic asji
of silence.”
Americans worrying,
needlessly: scientist
United Press International
LONDON — Dr. Magnus Pyke
views the efforts of American re
searchers to create a perfectly safe
society with a measure of concern.
In his opinion as one of the best
known scientists in Britain, there
can never be such a thing.
“We live on Earth not in heaven,”
he says, “and Earth is a dangerous
place. The motor car is perfectly
safe — if you put it down in con
crete. The moment it moves there’s
an element of risk.”
Pyke is tall, skinny and angular
with arms that flail as he talks. An
interview, in fact, involves ducking
a series of rights and lefts. In action
he looks like he was thought up in a
cartoon story conference at the Dis
ney studios. But his head is grey
with the wisdom of many years and
his opinion is eagerly sought on
television and as a lecturer and au
thor.
Americans, he said recently,
seem to be suffering from a series of
acute anxieties erupting in con
sumer protests and environment
demonstrations on subjects ranging
from nuclear contamination to sac
charin in soft drinks. He shares very
few of these forebodings.
Some of them, he said, are in fret
provoked by the normal advance of
science which can now refine its
measurements to billionths and has
discovered along the way that, for
example, the delicious tuna contains
some mercury as, indeed, it always
has.
“If you were an unemployed Scot
tish laborer leaning against the post
office in Aberdeen, you would be
absorbing enough radiation from the
granite of which it is built to give
Ralph Nader a heart attack.
“We now demand tests of food
and drink so stringent that if Sir
Walter Raleigh turned up today
with the potato as a new and un
known food, he would never stand a
chance of having it accepted.
Potatoes contain a poisonous sub
stance, solanine. But the wide use of
potatoes and the extreme rarity of
harm from their consumption shows
there is little cause for alarm from
the knowledge they contain a toxic
substance.
“What is it,” mused the former
secretary of the British Association
for the Advancement of Science,
“that leads a community to regard
the presence of some toxic chemi
cals with tolerant indulgence while
viewing with outraged horror very
much smaller concentrations of
others?”
Pyke’s questions are rhetorical —
he has his own answers always
ready. Take fresh air, he said. Does
the average man really know what
there is in the “fresh air” for which
he is fighting — now that we can
measure infinitesimal fractions?
Since science got to work on it we
now know it to contain, along with
nitrogen and oxygen, water vapor
and carbon dioxide, a whole
catalogue of other material — argon,
neon, xenon, krypton and helium,
organic chemicals from the waxes on
the leaves of jungle trees in the
Amazon basin, sulphur compounds
from volcanoes, radioactive entities
from granite rocks.
He does not dismiss the American
protests. What he urges is calmer
consideration than the subject usu
ally merits in the United States.
“Clearly, prudent surveillance is
desirable,” he said. “Attention de
serves to be paid to the estimate
that about two cases of cancer a year
could be due to the (nuclear) pro
cessing plant at Windscale (in
ain). But while this is so, equ
tention must be given to the
that in burning coal we disbi
about 100 tons of uranium an
decay products a year into
environment. ”
He said present evidence in
that deaths from cancer woul
considerably reduced if the p
stations burning coal and oil
replaced by nuclear ones. But!
said man long ago weighed i
advantages and disadvantages
found it useful.
School offei
unique libei
arts educati
United Press International
AURORA, N.Y. — Teachioj
blind to ski and arranging nuii
exhibits are part of the inten
program at Wells College, i
men’s liberal arts institution ii
state Aurora.
Interns during the winter q\i
represent about 25 percent of
student body. They earn acai
credit for one month of field ei|
ence in other ways as well: resei
ing migratory water fowl, i
managing a theater, helping vi
narians, researching the ethic
economics of the hospice movei
in caring for terminally ill pat
and assisting the public relatioi
fice of the Onondaga County lei
ture in upstate New York.
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