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Vol. 70 No. 106
10 Pages
Thursday, April 14, 1977
College Station, Texas
News Dept. 845-2611
Business Dept. 845-2611
‘vestigators
activity p ea |
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Caution —
No wading
Catfish
Crossing
Don’t be surprised if you feel
something nibble your toes if
you stop to cool off your feet in
the Rudder Center Fountain.
It’s only catfish. Three catfish
were put in the fountain after
two Puryear dorm students
caught them at Lake Somer
ville. The students said they
wish to remain anonymous.
The fish, which are between
14 and 16 inches long, were put
in the fountain because one of
the students wanted to take
them to his grandfather’s pond
later this week.
The students said they plan to
keep the fish, named Oscar,
Herman and Tank in the pond
for a few more days.
ill
U. S.-African policy discussed
By DARRELL LANFORD
To be effective. United Nations Ambas
sador Andrew Young has to “retain the
goodwill” of Rhodesia and South Africa,
political science professor William Snyder
said at a Black Awareness Committee
presentation last night.
The presentation featured Dr. Snyder
and Dr. Huey L. Perry. Both are political
science professors at Texas A&M Univer
sity who spoke on “American Foreign Pol
icy in Black Africa.”
Explaining the development of Black
Africa, Perry noted that France, Belgium
and Great Britain were the major coloniz
ers of central Africa at the close of the 19th
century.
No independent states were formed
until 1957, when Ghana became the first
independent black state. By 1966, more
than 30 independent states existed. Col
onialism was eliminated, except in the
southern third of Africa.
Perry drew parallels between Black Af
rica and Black America.
He said the push for civil rights in
America helped bring about pressure for
black rights in Black Africa.
He said black Africans who spearheaded
revolutions now have political power
much as black Americans who were civil
rights activists during the 1960s, now gov
ern as city council members, judges,
mayors and other officials.
In discussing more recent develop
ments, Perry said the appointment of An
drew Young was designed to make black
Americans and black Africans more at
ease.
Snyder said since the end of World War
II, the United States has assumed a “cor
rect relationship with independent coun
tries. He defined “correct” as being where
formal relationships are held but little is
accomplished.
Eighteen months ago, then Secretary of
State Henry Kissinger broke these rela
tionships and set forth policy designed to
keep Soviets out of Black Africa and move
Rhodesia and South Africa to majority
rule, Snyder said.
Snyder said he believes President Car
ter has the same objectives for Africa, but
believes the president wants quicker re
sults. He said Carter is more sympathetic
to lesser-developed Black Africa coun
tries.
Snyder said four events have increased
the importance of Black Africa.
Black Africa, composed of underde
veloped nations, supplies natural re
sources to developed countries. He said
Black Africa wants to stablize the highly
variable prices received for resources to
provide for its own economic growth.
The United States, in pressing for
human rights, has made Rhodesia and
South Africa centers of attention.
The Soviet Union, he said also, has
caused concern among many nations in
financing the Marxist takeover of Angola .
Snyder said that of growing importance
is Black Africa’s political constituency in
America. Asked by a student from Nigeria
why the United States and the Soviet
Union felt intervention was necessary in
African matters, Snyder said undeveloped
countries needed and asked for aid.
The student said African countries dif
fered from other countries, saying that if a
Marxist regime overthrew the govern
ment, the country would revert back to its
previous economic system.
UT history professor says
Past relations bey to future
By SUSIE WILLIAMS
Analyzing past diplomatic relations be
tween the United States and Latin Ameri
can countries may be of some help in look
ing toward future relations, says Dr. Stan
ley Ross.
Ross, a University of Texas history pro
fessor, spoke to about 20 Texas A&M Uni
versity students last night on “The Future
of U.S.-Latin America Relations. The
speech, one of the activities of the annual
Latin American Observance, was spon
sored by the Texas A&M Latin American
Student Association.
“I have been impressed as much by the
changes in policy with changes in time and
circumstances as by the persistence and
continuity of policy despite changes,” Ross
said.
He said the United States and Latin
American countries have reversed their
economic and political positions since the
last decades of the 19th century. Back
then, Ross said the United States was con
cerned primarily with the economic mat
ters of imports and exports while the Latin
Americans put political matters first.
Ross discussed in-depth an historical
analysis of four Latin American policies of
the United States that have led to the
United States-Latin America position re
versal.
“Foreign policies, like old soldiers,
never die; but unlike them, they do not
slowly fade away,” Ross said. “They influ
ence our thought and our conduct relative
to Latin America,” he said. “They have
also caused serious problems in our re
lations with the neighboring countries.
“The goals of these policies were na
tional security, economic advantage,
moral principles and the desire for
power.”
Ross explained that the first policy came
in the form of the Monroe Doctrine, a
statement advising Europe that the
United States opposed expansion of Euro
pean colonization or efforts to extend
European political systems to this hemi
sphere, while indicating respect for exist
ing colonies.
The second policy, that of inter-
American cooperation, came about when
it was beneficial for the United States to
re-evaluate its security policy in the hemi
sphere, Ross said.
He said the United States was seeking
to create an association of hemisphere
states to establish its control in the region.
However, Ross said, while the United
States was trying to create this inter-
American system, it was frightening and
irritating its proposed associates.
“In reality, many Latin American states
considered the U.S. as a more serious
threat to their sovereignty than the Euro
pean powers against whom the U.S.
claimed to be protecting them,” Ross said.
The third policy, the Good Neighbor
Policy, came along about this time, Ross
said. Its central concept was the commit
ment of the United States to the principle
of non-intervention in the affairs of other
countries of the hemisphere.
Ross said that by 1936, the commitment
was complete and there began an era of
good feelings between the United States
and Latin America unequaled before or
since.
The Good Neighbor Policy ran into dif
ficulties, and even though its slogans were
still used, the United States was not
cooperating in what the Latin Americans
considered most important—economic
development, Ross said.
The fourth policy was created during
the Kennedy administration. Called the
Alliance for Progress, Ross said it put aside
resistance to discuss the economic de
mands of Latin America; insistence on
classical economic policies and the rec
ommendation that the Latin American
countries ought to depend on private capi
tal.
The Alliance did not achieve as much
progress as anticipated, Ross said. He said
the Latin Americans did not lose their dis
trust of the United States and they did not
commit themselves totally to social reform
and political freedom.
He said the new administration in
Washington is facing a Latin America that
(See “Ross” Page 10.)
Embryo transfer could result
in foal’s having two mothers
oles in Prairie Film to disappear;
kpair set for next week if rain ceases
By DEBBIE LIGHTFOOT
A foal with two mothers may soon be
L»orn at the Texas A&M University Horse
Center as the result of an embryo transfer
experiment.
Stephen Vogelsang, a graduate student
working toward a master’s degree in
physiology of reproduction, is attempting
to show that embryo transfer in horses is
not only possible but also practical on a
large scale for commercial breeding pur
poses.
Embryo transfer is the removal of a fer
tilized egg from a donor mare and its trans
feral to the uterus of a recipient mare for
completion of the pregnancy.
Vogelsang has performed two embryo
transfers, one of which has caused the re
cipient mare to become pregnant.
Although encouraged by the success of
By PHYLLIS LEE
e holes in the Prairie Film sidewalks
impus will begin disappearing as soon
e weather permits.
rkers from the grounds maintenance
rtment are patching the broken areas
le rock and epoxy sidewalks near the
emic Building and Bolton Hall,
ike Goldwater, assistant director of
nds maintenance, said the repair work
Id be completed by the end of next
provided it does not rain,
light now we are just patching some of
holes that have developed in the
y, Goldwater said yesterday. H e said
other broken areas in the Prairie Film
sidewalks will be repaired in the future.
A lab report from the Prairie Company of
Urbana, Ill. suggested thicker sections of
the Prairie Film could prevent the dete
rioration of the sidewalks. The report said
the sections should be two and three-
fourths inches thick and the base material
should be different.
Goldwater said the broken areas will be
repaired with the same sized rock mixture
as that of the surrounding Prairie Film
sidewalks. Instead of the gravel base, the
repaired areas will have a crushed lime
stone base which is more stable.
“We have excavated the broken areas to
approximately six inches in depth and filled
them with four to four and one-half inches
of the crushed limestone base, ” said B. C.
Hurt, landscape construction supervisor of
grounds maintenance.
Hurt explained that the entire area has to
be perfectly dry before the Prairie Film can
be laid. He explained that the graded,
cleaned rock mixture has to be dry before it
is put into the cement mixer and the epoxy
has to coat the rock mixture entirely. The
mixture will be poured into the holes in the
sidewalks and smoothed with a trowel.
Last Friday grounds maintenance work
ers repaired the broken area beside the
Military Sciences building, he said.
Teacher pay raise killed
House members debate school finance bill
United Press International
JSTIN — Texas House members,
wished to cut out expensive frills and
>ack to basics in education, have de-
$12.2 million from a complex $708
on school finance bill during two days
bate, and defeated every attempt to
lew spending to the proposal,
e most costly of the spending propo-
an $865 million teacher pay raise, was
i on a parliamentary ruling that it was
lertinent to the emergency school fi-
e issue.
Weather l!
Mostly cloudy and mild today,
finds south southeasterly 10-17
tifes per hour. Today’s high 76.
yn tomorrow morning 63. High
morrow 77. Forty per cent chance:
f rain today and tomorrow.
House members easily defeated an at
tempt to divert $52 million from the bill
for later use in financing teacher salary in
creases.
They approved an amendment by Rep.
Dewitt Hale, D-Corpus Christi, reducing
by $7 million the additional funding pro
posed for driver education programs in
public schools and permitting the schools
to charge student fees for the classes.
Rep. Bill Hollowell, D-Grand Saline,
who warned the state is spending more
money than it has available, said the
driver education program should be
abolished.
“What we’d better do is start teaching
the kids to read and write and speak the
English language and teaching them
something about mathematics and get off
these programs like driver education and
distributive education,” Hollowell said.
“We’re wasting too much of the kids’
time with frills; we need to teach them
something they can use the rest of their
lives. Their parents can teach them to
drive an automobile.”
Hale, who had backed the $865 million
plan to raise teacher salaries 25 per cent in
the next two years, warned House mem
bers there may be no money left for any
teacher pay raise by the end of the session.
He said he would back a series of amend
ments attempting to cut about $200 mil
lion from the school finance bill to help
pay for teachers salaries.
The first of those amendments was his
attempt to trim $52 million from the pro
posed increase in state aid to local school
districts for maintenance and operations.
“My concern is that we meet our obliga
tion to our professional personnel,” Hale
said. “You can build beautiful buildings
and have beautiful campuses, but the
teacher is what educates your children.”
Rep. Jim Kaster, D-El Paso, argued
against Hale’s amendment, saying schools
need the additional maintenance and op
eration aid to help meet rising construc
tion and utility costs.
“No matter how qualified, a teacher is
going to have a hard time teaching in a
cold, dark classroom if the school can’t pay
the utility bills,” Kaster said.
A separate $263 million teacher pay raise
bill has been approved by the House Edu
cation Committee and is awaiting debate
by the House.
Steve Vogelsang, a graduate student working toward a master’s degree in
physiology of reproduction, stands with the two horses used in his embryo
transplant experiment. The mare on the right is the donor and the mare on the
left is the recipient. Battalion photo by Mary McMillian
the project so far, Vogelsang cautioned
that there is still much work to be done.
“We’ve only gotten one pregnancy, so
we can’t tell a whole lot yet,” Vogelsang
said. “We may transfer another 100 and
never get another pregnancy. We have to
do a lot more work to prove it’s practical. ”
The main advantage of embryo transfer
is the ability to get more than one foal per
year from an exceptionally valuable mare,
Vogelsang said.
The procedure also makes it possible to
get foals from 2-year-old fillies that are
normally too young to be bred, mares that
are being raced or shown, crippled mares
and chronic aborters that can’t carry a foal
to term, and bad mothers that won’t ac
cept their foals or don’t give enough milk,
he added.
Embryo transfer was first done in 1890,
using rabbits, and is now available for
commercial breeding in cattle. But the
first successful embryo transfer in horses
was not reported until 1972, when work
ers in Cambridge, England, transferred
embryos between horses and donkeys.
There are no published reports of horse
embryo transfers being done in the United
States, and Vogelsang and his colleagues
are probably among the first researchers
in this country to perform the procedure.
The project is being supervised by Dr.
Duane C. Kraemer of the veterinary
physiology and pharmacology depart
ment, and Dr. A. M. Sorensen, professor
of animal science.
Kraemer said that although it may soon
be technically feasible to do embryo trans
fers in horses on a large commercial scale,
it may not be practical if the breed associa
tions refuse to register foals produced by
embryo transfer.
“It’s going to depend a great deal on the
breed associations’ willingness to register
the horses,” he said. “And they are not
enthusiastic even about artificial insemina
tion.”
The Thoroughbred Association has al
ready voted not to register foals produced
by embryo transfer, but the American
Quarter Horse Association has not yet
ruled on the question.
The possibility of misregistering foals
produced by embryo transfer seems to be
the main reason for the breed associations’
opposition to the procedure.
“But there are possibilities of misregis
tration even under natural breeding con
ditions,” Kraemer said.
The horses used in Vogelsang’s project
are quarter horses. In fact, the sire of the
successfully transferred embryo is Eyes of
Texas, an AQHA Champion, and the
donor mother, Reyetta, is the daughter of
Rey Jay, also an AQHA Champion.
The recipient mother is an unnamed
veterinary school mare, No. 654. The vet
erinary medicine and surgery department
is providing recipient mares for the proj
ect under the supervision of Dr. Stuart
Bums, assistant professor.
The donor mares and breeding facilities
are being supplied by the animal science
department under the supervision of Dr.
Gary Potter, associate professor.